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Landscape
Landscape structure
A spatially heterogeneous area composed of interacting ecological and human elements, patterns, and processes, considered at the spatial scale relevant to the research or planning inquiry. A landscape does not have a fixed size or necessarily correspond to a political, watershed, or other predefined boundary.
Forman, R. T. T., & Godron, M. (1986). Landscape Ecology. John Wiley & Sons. Turner, M. G. (1989). Landscape ecology: The effect of pattern on process. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 20, 171–197. Wiens, J. A. (1989). Spatial scaling in ecology. Functional Ecology, 3(4), 385–397.
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