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Ecological process

Causation & process

An interaction, activity, or transformation involving organisms and their environment through which energy, materials, organisms, or ecological effects are transferred or changed. The term encompasses organismal interactions such as predation, herbivory, pollination, and seed dispersal as well as ecosystem processes such as decomposition and nutrient cycling.

Lovett, G. M., Jones, C. G., Turner, M. G., & Weathers, K. C. (Eds.). (2005). Ecosystem Function in Heterogeneous Landscapes. Springer.